When
solar energy and the
automotive industry are mentioned together it's assumed the topic is solar
powered cars. Understandable, but only partially true. The auto industry, that
bastion of fossil fuel burning tradition has been researching clean, renewable
solar powered vehicles for years. What few people are aware of is that car
makers General Motors, Volkswagen, and Ford are also leading users of solar
energy to meet their industrial usage needs.
How Solar Powered Vehicles Work
A
solar powered car is a vehicle that operates using electrical energy generated
through the collection of the sun's rays. This is accomplished by employing a
solar array that uses photovoltaic cells (PV cells) that convert sunlight into
electricity. Sunlight comprised of protons strikes PV cells. Electrons are
excited and flow, creating an electrical current. These PV cells are made of a
semiconductor material, usually an alloy of crystalline silicon, indium,
gallium and nitrogen.
Solar
powered vehicles have to be lightweight because the energy able to be collected
by the car's solar array is limited. Thus aerospace, alternative energy and
automotive technologies are combined to produce the lightest vehicle possible.
History Making Solar Powered Cars
Solar
powered cars are not a new idea. The concept of using the sun to power a
vehicle has been around for decades, since August 31, 1955 to be exact. It was
then that General Motors's William G. Cobb created a 15" solar powered
prototype called the Sunmobile. Showcased at the Chicago Powerama convention,
the solar car had 12 selenium PV cells that powered a small Pooley electric
motor turning a rear wheel shaft.
Originally
solar cars were automobile industry or technology institution research projects
and were one off prototypes. Later solar powered vehicles were still built for
scientific research but were used to compete in solar car races or endurance
rallies. Starting in 2011 however, solar powered cars intended to be used for
daily driving on public roads were built.
The
first solar car that a person could drive was demonstrated by the International
Rectifier Company in 1962. The platform used was a 1912 Baker electric car that
the company converted in 1958 to run on PV cells and showed for the first time
4 years later. Approximately 10,640 individual solar cells were mounted on the
car's roof.
An
Alabama University professor named Ed Passereni built the Bluebird solar car in
1977. A full scale prototype, the Bluebird was exhibited at the Knoxville,
Tennessee World's Fair in 1982.
In
1979 a three wheel solar car with a solar array on the roof was created by
Alain Freeman. An Englishman, Freeman managed to get his invention road
registered in 1980. It's likely this was the first solar powered car able to be
legally driven on public roads in the UK.
The
Citicar was the creation of the engineering department at Tel Aviv University
in Israel. In 1980 Arye Braunstein and his colleagues created a solar car that
had solar panels on its hood and roof. Comprised of 432 cells that generated
400 watts of power, the Citicar used 8 batteries of 6 volts each to store the
photovoltaic (PV) energy. Weighing 1,320 lb., the Citicar was able to reach 40
mph and had a range of 50 miles.
In
1981 that Larry Perkins and Hans Tholstrup, creator of the World Solar
Challenge, built a solar race car. In 1982 Perkins and Tholstrup were the first
people ever to drive a solar powered car across Australia, starting in Perth
and finishing in Sydney.
In
1984 another solar race car set a world record. Invented by Greg Johanson and
Joel Davidson, the Sunrunner set the official Guinness world record. Driven in
the Mojave Desert of California, a top speed of 41 mph was officially recorded
for a "Solely Solar Powered Vehicle", meaning it did not use a battery.
The official record appears in the 1986 Guinness Book of World Records.
In
1987 the Sunraycer drove at an average speed of 42 mph for 1,866 miles along
Australia's Stuart Highway, going south from Darwin to Adelaide. The Sunraycer
was a collaboration between General
Motors, AeroVironment, and Hughes Aircraft.
Current Solar Cars
Sunswift
eVe is a solar powered race car that is expected to be navigating the streets
of Sydney by July this year. A team of students from Australia's University of
New South Wales is working to make the Sunswift eVe the first street legal
solar powered car in the Southern Hemisphere.
The
Stella is a family sized, road legal solar powered car. It took first place in
the World Solar Challenge, and won the 3,000 km Darwin to Adelaide, Michelin
Cruiser Class competition in Australia last fall.
There
are many more one off solar powered concept cars and prototype solar energy
research vehicles, but those above are the most notable.
Solar Energy Powering The Auto Industry
Volkswagen,
GM and Ford will probably all be manufacturing solar powered cars and assorted
electric vehicles one day. Today though, all three companies have invested
heavily in solar power to meet the energy needs of some of their plant or
corporate operations.
Volkswagen
is generating its own energy at its Chattanooga, TN, USA plant courtesy of a 65
acre solar park. Thirty-three acres of the solar park are the solar panels themselves,
making it the largest single solar array in the state of Tennessee.
There's
also a massive solar array on the roof of SEAT's factory in Martorell, Spain.
Just completed, it is the largest solar power plant in the automobile industry.
The joint venture with utility solar developer Gestamp Solar began in 2010 and
cost an estimated US$47.55 million.
Ford
Motor Company and DTE Energy are cooperating on building Michigan's largest
solar array. The project is to be funded by DTE Energy and will comprise 360
covered parking spaces and 30 charging stations for plug-in electric vehicles
at the Ford World
Headquarters. The project is to provide employees driving the company's Ford
Fusion Energi and C-MAX Hybrid Energi cars with recharge stations.
General
Motors is committed to producing clean energy using solar power. GM is already the
No. 1 automotive user of solar power in the United States according to the
Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) and ranks No. 13 of the top 20 solar
powered companies in the United States.
Conclusion